Dogs can’t tell us when they’re feeling unwell — but they often show subtle signs that something isn’t right. As a responsible pet owner, recognizing the early warning signals of illness or distress in your dog can help you seek timely veterinary care and possibly save your dog’s life. Some symptoms may seem minor at first, but they can be signs of a more serious underlying issue.

In this article, we’ll explore common signs that indicate your dog may need a visit to the vet, from behavioral changes to physical symptoms.

1. Changes in Eating or Drinking Habits

One of the first things many pet owners notice is a change in appetite. If your dog suddenly stops eating or becomes excessively hungry or thirsty, it could be a sign of illness. A loss of appetite that lasts more than a day, or excessive drinking and urination, could point to problems such as diabetes, kidney disease, or an infection. Refusing food may also signal dental pain, nausea, or gastrointestinal upset. On the other hand, constant hunger might indicate metabolic issues or parasites.

2. Vomiting and Diarrhea

Occasional vomiting or soft stool can happen, especially if your dog has eaten something unusual. However, repeated vomiting, diarrhea that lasts more than 24 hours, or stool with blood or mucus can be signs of serious issues such as poisoning, gastrointestinal infections, pancreatitis, or internal blockages. If vomiting or diarrhea is accompanied by lethargy, weakness, or signs of dehydration (such as dry gums and sunken eyes), veterinary attention is essential.

3. Lethargy and Fatigue

Dogs, like people, have lazy days. But if your dog seems unusually tired, sleeps more than usual, or lacks interest in activities they once enjoyed — such as walking, playing, or greeting you — it may indicate an underlying health problem. Lethargy can be a symptom of many issues, including infections, heart disease, anemia, or pain.

4. Difficulty Breathing or Coughing

If your dog is coughing persistently, wheezing, or seems to struggle for breath, it could be a sign of respiratory distress. Causes might range from kennel cough to more serious conditions like pneumonia, heart failure, or collapsing trachea. If your dog’s gums turn pale or bluish, or they are breathing rapidly even at rest, take them to a vet immediately — this is a medical emergency.

5. Sudden Weight Loss or Gain

Significant changes in weight without a change in diet or exercise can be alarming. Unexplained weight loss could point to cancer, parasites, metabolic disorders, or digestive issues. On the flip side, rapid weight gain may be related to fluid buildup, hypothyroidism, or overeating due to a lack of exercise or portion control. A vet can help determine the root cause and suggest appropriate treatment or dietary changes.

6. Skin Irritations or Hair Loss

If you notice that your dog is scratching constantly, has red or inflamed skin, bald patches, or visible lumps, it could be a sign of allergies, skin infections, parasites like fleas or mites, or even tumors. Persistent licking of certain areas may also indicate discomfort, anxiety, or hidden wounds. A vet can examine the skin more closely and recommend medications or treatments to relieve the irritation.

7. Limping or Difficulty Moving

Dogs can injure themselves while playing or walking, but persistent limping, stiffness, or reluctance to climb stairs, jump, or get up from rest may suggest joint problems, arthritis, ligament injuries, or even neurological conditions. Early treatment can prevent the problem from worsening and relieve your dog’s discomfort.

8. Changes in Urination or Defecation Habits

If your dog is having accidents indoors, straining to urinate or poop, or asking to go outside more frequently than usual, it could be a sign of urinary tract infections, bladder stones, constipation, or more serious conditions like kidney or prostate problems. Blood in the urine or stool, or painful elimination, should never be ignored.

9. Bad Breath or Dental Issues

While dog breath is never minty-fresh, extremely foul breath can be a sign of dental disease, infections, or gastrointestinal problems. If you notice bleeding gums, drooling, pawing at the mouth, or difficulty eating, your dog might have an abscess, loose teeth, or periodontal disease — all of which require veterinary care.

10. Behavioral Changes

Sudden behavioral changes are often a red flag. If your normally friendly dog becomes aggressive, withdrawn, anxious, or starts hiding, it could be due to pain or illness. Similarly, dogs that suddenly become clingy or overly vocal might be trying to communicate that something is wrong. Any drastic personality shifts should prompt a vet visit to rule out physical or emotional causes.

11. Eye or Ear Issues

Red, swollen, or watery eyes, squinting, and discharge can be signs of infections or eye injuries. Left untreated, these can result in permanent damage or even blindness. Similarly, frequent head shaking, scratching at the ears, or bad odor from the ears may indicate an ear infection, which can be painful and should be treated by a vet promptly.

12. Seizures or Disorientation

Seizures, twitching, head tilting, loss of balance, or walking in circles can indicate neurological problems, poisoning, or epilepsy. If your dog collapses, has convulsions, or seems confused and uncoordinated, it’s important to seek emergency veterinary attention.

When in Doubt, Call the Vet

Sometimes, your instincts as a pet owner are the best guide. If your dog just seems “off” — not acting like themselves, looking sad, or appearing uncomfortable — don’t hesitate to consult your veterinarian. Even mild symptoms can be early signs of a larger issue. It’s always better to be cautious and seek advice rather than waiting too long.

Final Thoughts

Your dog depends on you to notice the signs that something isn’t right. From subtle changes in appetite or energy to more obvious symptoms like vomiting or limping, being attentive can help you catch potential problems early. Regular wellness exams, a balanced diet, exercise, and prompt veterinary care are all key to ensuring your dog lives a long, healthy life.

Trust your gut — if you think your dog needs to see the vet, you’re probably right.